Sagot :
In order for us to understand how the Philippine literature become how it is today, we need to go back to how it all began...
As the saying goes:
“Study the past if you would define the future.”
― Confucius
Philippine Literature Over the Years
PRE-COLONIAL (–BC TO 1564)
A. Characteristics
1. Based on oral traditions
2. Crude on ideology and phraseology
B. Literary Forms
1. Oral Literature
a. Riddles (bugtong)—battle of wits among participants tigmo—Cebu paktakon—Ilonggo patotdon—Bicol
b. Proverbs (salawikain) —wise saying that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food for thought.
c. Tanaga—a mono-riming heptasyllabic quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life is “more emotionally charged than the terse proverb and thus has affinities with the folk lyric”.
2. Folk Songs—a form of fold lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve.
a. Hele or oyayi—lullaby
b. Ambahan (Mangyan) —7-syllable per line oen that are about human relationships and social entertainment.
c. Kalusan (Ivatan) —work songs that depict the livelihood of the people
d. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) —drinking song
e. Kanogan (Cebuano)—song of lamentation for the dead
3. Folk Tales
a. Myths—explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna.
b. Legends—explain the origin of things
c. Fables—used an animal characters and allegory
d. Fantastic Stories—deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak” “aswang” “kapre” and others.
4. Epics—these are narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds.
SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD (1565–1863)
A. Characteristics
1. It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular
2. It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication
B. Literary Forms
1. Religious Literature—religiou slyrics written by Iadino poets or those versed in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were uses to teach Filipinos the Spanish language.
a. Pasyon—long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The most popular was “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon Natin” by Aguino de Belen.
b. Senakulo—dramatization of the pasyon, it shows the passion and death of Christ
2. Secular (non-relisious) Literature
a. Awit—colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting Ex. Ibong Adarna
b. Korido—metrical tale written in octosyllabic quatrains
c. Prose Narratives—written to prescribe proper decorum
i. Dialogo
ii. Manual de Urbanidad
iii. ejemplo
iv. tratado
NATIONALISTIC/PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1864–1896)
A. Characteristics
1. Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos
2. Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog
3. Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”
B. Literary Forms
1. Propaganda Literature—Reformatory in objective
a. Political Essays— satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule.
i. Diariong Tagalog—founded by Marcelo H. Pilar
ii. La Solidaridad—editor-in-chief is Graciano Lopez Jaena
b. Political Novels
i. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo—Jose Rizal’s masterpieces that paved the way to the revolution.
2. Revolutionary Literature—more propagandastic than literary as it is more violent in nature and demanded complete independence for the country.
a. Political Essays—helped inflame the spirit of revolution
i. Kalayaan—newspaper of the society, edited by Emilio Jacinto
b. Poetry
i. True Decalogue—Apolinario Mabini
ii. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas—Andres Bonifacio
iii. Liwanag at Dilim—Emilio Jacinto