Answer: 1.Assessment and Evaluation *Assessment one of the primary measurement tools in education, teachers gather information by giving test, conducting interviews and monitoring behavior. The assessment should be carefully prepared and administered to ensure its reliability and validity.In other words, an assessment must provide consistent results and it must measure what it claims to measure. Evaluation on the other hand, is the process of using the measurements gathered in the assessments. Teachers use this information to judge the relationship between what was intended by the instruction and what was learned. Assessment example: A concept mapping is an intermediate technique of a teacher that ask students to create ways of representing and organizing ideas and concept. Evaluation example: Teachers evaluate the information gathered to determine what students know and understand, how far they have progressed and how fast, and how their score and progress compare to those of other students.
2.Formative evaluation and Summative evaluation
*Formative evaluation is a method of judging the worth of a program while the program activities are in progress. This type of evaluation focuses on the process. Its main objective is to determine deficiencies so that the appropriate interventions can be done. Summative evaluation, is a method of judging the worth of the program at the end of the program activities. The focus is on the result. The instruments used to collect data for summative evaluation are questionnaire, survey forms, interview/observation guide and tests. Formative Evaluation example: A teacher has just finished teaching a lesson on fraction. In order to see if his students were able to follow the lesson, he ask some of them to come up to the board and demonstrate the meaning of one half, one third, and one forth on the board by shading parts of a circle. Summative Evaluation example: The teacher gives a paper test at the end of a two week unit on fractions. Students might be given a worksheets on which to shade in correct portions of circle, match numerical fractions to their shaded circle counterparts, and answer word problems using fractions. The teacher does not help much because he needs to see what level is of comprehension the children can demonstrate on their own.
3.Mental skill and Manual skill
*According to skillportal.co, mental and manual skill belongs to the three types of learning. Mental skills or the cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. Manual skills on the other hand, is the psychomotor domain that includes physical movement, coordination and use of the motor-skill areas. Example of mental skill: long term memory is used to compare incoming information with past experiences so that we can determine if it is new, old, or a modification of information we have stored in the past. Example of manual skill: The students practice dribbling the ball and throwing the ball to one another.
4.Measurement and Evaluation
*Measurement is the process of determining or describing the attributes or characteristics of physical objects generally in terms of quantity. When we measure, we use some standard instrument to find out how long, heavy, hot, voluminous, cold, fast or straight some things are. Such instruments maybe ruler, scale, thermometer, or pressure gauge. Evaluation on the other hand is the process designed to provide information that will help us to make judgment about a particular situation. Objects of evaluation include instructional programs, school projects, teachers, students, and educational goals. Measurement example: A student use a ruler to determine the length of a piece of paper. Evaluation example: When a teacher reviews a paper in order to give it a grade.
