Explain the recombinant DNA techniques are used to custom build bacteria for two main reasons: to make a multiple copies of desired genes and to obtain useful proteins. give an example of each of these applications in the field of pharmaceutical, medicine and agriculture
Recombinant DNA, DNA molecules from two separate organisms are introduced into a host organism to create new genetic variations that are useful in research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Since the gene is the focal point of all biology, the primary task of laboratory geneticists is to separate, classify, and modify genes. While isolating a sample of DNA from a set of cells is relatively simple, locating a single gene within this DNA sample is akin to finding a needle in a haystack. Consider that of human cell comprises about 2 metres (6 feet) of DNA.
- As a result, even a tiny tissue sample can produce several kilometers of DNA. However, review its transcripts, mutate it in highly precise ways, and then reinsert the modified sequence into a living organism.
DNA Cloning
- In biology a clone A clone is a collection of human cells or species descended from a single progenitor in biology. Since cell replication releases similar daughter cells each time, members of a clone are genetically identical. The term "clone" has been applied to recombinant DNA technology, which has allowed scientists to create multiple copies of a single fragment of DNA, such as a chromosome, resulting in similar copies that constitute a DNA clone. In practice, the technique involves injecting a DNA fragment into a small DNA molecule and then allowing this molecule to replicate within a simple living cell, such as a bacterium.
- A DNA vector is a small replicating protein (carrier). Plasmids (circular DNA molecules derived from bacteria), viruses, and yeast cells are the most widely used vectors. Plasmids are not part of the main cellular genome, but they do bear genes that confer useful properties on the host cell, such as drug tolerance, mating ability, and toxin generation. They are small enough to be easily handled experimentally, and they may even bear additional DNA that has been spliced into them.
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