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Answer:
When molecules share electrons equally in a covalent bond there is no net electrical charge across the molecule. In a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons are evenly distributed. You can predict nonpolar molecules will form when atoms have the same or similar electronegativity. In general, if the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is considered nonpolar, even though the only truly nonpolar molecules are those formed with identical atoms.
Polar molecules - occur when two atoms do not share electrons equally in a covalent bond. A dipole forms, with part of the molecule carrying a slight positive charge and the other part carrying a slight negative charge. This happens when there is a difference between the electronegativity values of each atom. An extreme difference forms an ionic bond, while a lesser difference forms a polar covalent bond. Fortunately, you can look up electronegativity on a table to predict whether or not atoms are likely to form polar covalent bonds. If the electronegativity difference between the two atoms is between 0.5 and 2.0, the atoms form a polar covalent bond. If the electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 2.0, the bond is ionic. Ionic compounds are extremely polar molecules.
Examples of polar molecules include:
Water - H2O
Ammonia - NH3
Sulfur dioxide - SO2
Hydrogen sulfide - H2S
Ethanol - C2H6O
NONPOLAR
Nonpolar molecules also form when atoms sharing a polar bond arrange such that the electric charges cancel each other out.
Examples of nonpolar molecules include:
Any of the noble gasses: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (These are atoms, not technically molecules.)
Any of the homonuclear diatomic elements: H2, N2, O2, Cl2 (These are truly nonpolar molecules.)
Carbon dioxide - CO2
Benzene - C6H6
Carbon tetrachloride - CCl4
Methane - CH4
Ethylene - C2H4
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POLARITY AND MIXING SOLUTIONS
If you know the polarity of molecules, you can predict whether or not they will mix together to form chemical solutions. The general rule is that "like dissolves like", which means polar molecules will dissolve into other polar liquids and nonpolar molecules will dissolve into nonpolar liquids. This is why oil and water don't mix: oil is nonpolar while water is polar.
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Explanation: